Present Perfect Tense.
The present perfect tense in Hindi is formed by using the auxiliary verb "हैं" (haiṅ) for plural subjects or "है" (hai) for singular subjects, followed by the past participle form of the main verb. Here is the general structure:
Singular Subject: [Subject] + [है] + [Past Participle Verb]
Plural Subject: [Subject] + [हैं] + [Past Participle Verb]
For example:
- I have eaten. - मैंने खाया है। (Maine khāyā hai)
- He has finished his work. - उसने अपना काम पूरा किया है। (Usne apnā kām pūrā kiyā hai)
- They have arrived. - वे पहुंच चुके हैं। (Ve pahunch chuke haiṅ)
- We have studied. - हमने पढ़ाई की है। (Hamne paḍhāī kī hai)
- She has visited many countries. - उसने कई देशों की यात्रा की है। (Usne kaī deśoṅ kī yātrā kī hai)
- You (plural) have learned the lesson. - आपने पाठ सीखा है। (Āpne pāṭh sīkhā hai)
- The team has won the match. - टीम ने मैच जीता है। (Ṭīm ne maich jītā hai)
- I have written a letter. - मैंने पत्र लिखा है। (Maine patr likhā hai)
- He has bought a new car. - उसने एक नई कार ख़रीदी है। (Usne ek naī kār kharīdī hai)
- They have watched the movie. - उन्होंने फ़िल्म देखी है। (Unhone film dekhī hai)
- Have you (singular) finished your homework? - क्या आपने अपना होमवर्क पूरा कर लिया है? (Kyā āpne apnā homework pūrā kar liyā hai?)
- The books have been read. - किताबें पढ़ ली गई हैं। (Kitāben paḍh lī gaī haiṅ)
- We have known each other for a long time. - हम एक दूसरे को बहुत समय से जानते हैं। (Ham ek dūsre ko bahut samay se jānte haiṅ)
I hope these examples help clarify the usage of the present perfect tense in Hindi.
Note that the past participle form of regular verbs in Hindi usually ends with "-ा" (-ā) for masculine subjects, "-ी" (-ī) for feminine subjects, and "-े" (-e) for plural subjects. However, irregular verbs may have different past participle forms.
Also, please note that there are variations in the usage and structure of the present perfect tense in different dialects of Hindi. The examples provided here are based on standard Hindi.
